To examine the results from doping controls conducted by the Norwegian Confederation of Sport (NCS) from 1977 to 1995. Prevalence of doping in sports: doping control in Norway, 1977-1995. Analysis of the doping issue needs to take this reality into account as some doping products display an established " addictive" effect. It also points out that intensive sport can generate an "addictive" behavior sharing with "common"addictions a loss of practice control, a lack of interest in other activities and even a sport's practice detrimental to athlete's health. The present manuscript aims to inform physicians about the most frequent doping practices. From a physician point of view, the use of doping agents is obviously a major concern because taking such products often induce serious adverse effects on health. However, high-performance sport is more and more associated to rather suspicious practices doping is one of the best example. Sport is widely encouraged as it is beneficial for health. In the present article, available numbers of samples analyzed at Paralympic Summer and Winter Games as well as within the doping control program for disabled sports in Germany are summarized, and particularities concerning sample collection and the doping method termed boosting are presented. Also here, various analogies in terms of antidoping rule violations were found in comparison to doping controls of nondisabled athletes. In Germany, doping controls for handicapped athletes were established in 1992 and have been conducted since by the National Paralympic Committee Germany and the National Anti- Doping Agency. The foundation of the International Paralympic Committee exactly 20 years ago (1989) considerably supported systematic sports drug-testing programs specifically designed to meet the particular challenges related to disabled sports, which yielded a variety of adverse analytical findings (e.g., with anabolic steroids, diuretics, corticosteroids, and stimulants) especially at Paralympic Summer Games. Thevis, Mario Hemmersbach, Peter Geyer, Hans Schänzer, WilhelmĪctivities concerning the fight against doping with regard to the Paralympic Games have been initiated in 1984, when first doping controls were conducted. The scope of the article extends to the description of novel biomarkers and future concepts of application. This review presents the development of biomarker monitoring in sports doping control and focuses on the implementation of the Athlete Biological Passport as the current concept of the World Anti Doping Agency for the detection of blood doping (hematological module). Opposed to the old concept in doping control of direct detection of a prohibited substance in a biological sample such as urine or blood, the new paradigm allows a personalized longitudinal monitoring of biomarkers that indicate non-physiological responses independently of the used doping technique or substance, and may cause sanctioning of illicit practices. Pottgiesser, Torben Schumacher, Yorck Olafīiomarker monitoring can be considered a new era in the effort against doping. Biomarker monitoring in sports doping control.
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